十shí三sān　 尚shàng同tóng 下xià

子zi墨mò子zi言yán曰yuē：“知zhī者zhě之zhī事shì，必bì计jì国guó家jiā百bǎi姓xìng所suǒ以yǐ治zhì者zhě而ér为wèi之zhī，必bì计jì国guó家jiā百bǎi姓xìng之zhī所suǒ以yǐ乱luàn者zhě而ér辟pì之zhī（1）。”然rán计jì国guó家jiā百bǎi姓xìng之zhī所suǒ以yǐ治zhì者zhě，何hé也yě？上shàng之zhī为wéi政zhèng，得dé下xià之zhī情qíng则zé治zhì，不bù得dé下xià之zhī情qíng则zé乱luàn。何hé以yǐ知zhī其qí然rán也yě？上shàng之zhī为wéi政zhèng，得dé下xià之zhī情qíng，则zé是shì明míng于yú民mín之zhī善shàn非fēi也yě。若ruò苟gǒu明míng于yú民mín之zhī善shàn非fēi也yě，则zé得dé善shàn人rén而ér赏shǎng之zhī，得dé暴bào人rén而ér罚fá之zhī也yě。

善shàn人rén赏shǎng而ér暴bào人rén罚fá，则zé国guó必bì治zhì。上shàng之zhī为wéi政zhèng也yě，不bù得dé下xià之zhī情qíng，则zé是shì不bù明míng于yú民mín之zhī善shàn非fēi也yě，若ruò苟gǒu不bù明míng于yú民mín之zhī善shàn非fēi，则zé是shì不bù得dé善shàn人rén而ér赏shǎng之zhī，不bù得dé暴bào人rén而ér罚fá之zhī。善shàn人rén不bù赏shǎng而ér暴bào人rén不bù罚fá，为wéi政zhèng若ruò此cǐ，国guó众zhòng必bì乱luàn。故gù赏shǎng不bù得dé下xià之zhī情qíng，而ér不bù可kě不bù察chá者zhě也yě。

然rán计jì得dé下xià之zhī情qíng，将jiāng奈nài何hé可kě？故gù子zi墨mò子zi曰yuē：“唯wéi能néng以yǐ尚shàng同tóng一yī义yì为wéi政zhèng，然rán后hòu可kě矣yǐ！”何hé以yǐ知zhī尚shàng同tóng一yī义yì之zhī可kě而ér为wéi政zhèng于yú天tiān下xià也yě？然rán胡hú不bù审shěn稽jī古gǔ之zhī治zhì为wéi政zhèng之zhī说shuō乎hū？古gǔ者zhě天tiān之zhī始shǐ生shēng民mín，未wèi有yǒu正zhèng长zhǎng也yě，百bǎi姓xìng为wéi人rén。若ruò苟gǒu百bǎi姓xìng为wéi人rén，是shì一yī人rén一yī义yì，十shí人rén十shí义yì，百bǎi人rén百bǎi义yì，千qiān人rén千qiān义yì。逮dǎi至zhì人rén之zhī众zhòng，不bù可kě胜shèng计jì也yě；则zé其qí所suǒ谓wèi义yì者zhě，亦yì不bù可kě胜shèng计jì。此cǐ皆jiē是shì其qí义yì，而ér非fēi人rén之zhī义yì，是shì以yǐ厚hòu者zhě有yǒu斗dòu，而ér薄báo者zhě有yǒu争zhēng。是shì故gù天tiān下xià之zhī欲yù同tóng一yī天tiān下xià之zhī义yì也yě，是shì故gù选xuǎn择zé贤xián者zhě，立lì为wèi天tiān子zi。天tiān子zi以yǐ其qí知zhī力lì为wèi未wèi足zú独dú治zhì天tiān下xià，是shì以yǐ选xuǎn择zé其qí次cì，立lì为wèi三sān公gōng。三sān公gōng又yòu以yǐ其qí知zhī力lì为wèi未wèi足zú独dú左zuǒ右yòu天tiān子zi也yě，是shì以yǐ分fēn国guó建jiàn诸zhū侯hóu。诸zhū侯hóu又yòu以yǐ其qí知zhī力lì为wèi未wèi足zú独dú治zhì其qí四sì境jìng之zhī内nèi也yě，是shì以yǐ选xuǎn择zé其qí次cì，立lì为wèi卿qīng之zhī宰zǎi。卿qīng之zhī宰zǎi又yòu以yǐ其qí知zhī力lì为wèi未wèi足zú独dú左zuǒ右yòu其qí君jūn也yě，是shì以yǐ选xuǎn择zé其qí次cì，立lì而ér为wèi乡xiāng长cháng、家jiā君jūn。是shì故gù古gǔ者zhě天tiān子zi之zhī立lì三sān公gōng、诸zhū侯hóu、卿qīng之zhī宰zǎi、乡xiāng长cháng、家jiā君jūn，非fēi特tè富fù贵guì游yóu佚yì而ér择zé之zhī也yě（2），将jiāng使shǐ助zhù治zhì乱luàn刑xíng政zhèng也yě。故gù古gǔ者zhě建jiàn国guó设shè都dōu，乃nǎi立lì后hòu王wáng君jūn公gōng，奉fèng以yǐ卿qīng士shì师shī长zhǎng，此cǐ非fēi欲yù用yòng说shuō也yě（3），唯wéi辩biàn而ér使shǐ助zhù治zhì天tiān明míng也yě。

今jīn此cǐ何hé为wéi人rén上shàng而ér不bù能néng治zhì其qí下xià？为wéi人rén下xià而ér不bù能néng事shì其qí上shàng？则zé是shì上shàng下xià相xiāng贼zéi也yě。

何hé故gù以yǐ然rán？则zé义yì不bù同tóng也yě。若ruò苟gǒu义yì不bù同tóng者zhě有yǒu党dǎng，上shàng以yǐ若ruò人rén为wéi善shàn，将jiāng赏shǎng之zhī，若ruò人rén唯wéi使shǐ得de上shàng之zhī赏shǎng而ér辟pì百bǎi姓xìng之zhī毁huǐ（4）；是shì以yǐ为wéi善shàn者zhě必bì未wèi可kě使shǐ劝quàn，见jiàn有yǒu赏shǎng也yě。上shàng以yǐ若ruò人rén为wéi暴bào，将jiāng罚fá之zhī，若ruò人rén唯wéi使shǐ得de上shàng之zhī罚fá，而ér怀huái百bǎi姓xìng之zhī誉yù；是shì以yǐ为wéi暴bào者zhě必bì未wèi可kě使shǐ沮jǔ，见jiàn有yǒu罚fá也yě。故gù计jì上shàng之zhī赏shǎng誉yù，不bù足zú以yǐ劝quàn善shàn，计jì其qí毁huǐ罚fá，不bù足zú以yǐ沮jǔ暴bào。此cǐ何hé故gù以yǐ然rán？则zé义yì不bù同tóng也yě。

然rán则zé欲yù同tóng一yī天tiān下xià之zhī义yì，将jiāng奈nài何hé可kě？故gù子zi墨mò子zi言yán曰yuē：然rán胡hú不bù赏shǎng使shǐ家jiā君jūn，试shì用yòng家jiā君jūn发fā宪xiàn布bù令lìng其qí家jiā？曰yuē：“若ruò见jiàn爱ài利lì家jiā者zhě，必bì以yǐ告gào；若ruò见jiàn恶è贼zéi家jiā者zhě，亦yì必bì以yǐ告gào。”若ruò见jiàn爱ài利lì家jiā以yǐ告gào，亦yì犹yóu爱ài利lì家jiā者zhě也yě，上shàng得dé且qiě赏shǎng之zhī，众zhòng闻wén则zé誉yù之zhī；若ruò见jiàn恶è贼zéi家jiā不bù以yǐ告gào，亦yì犹yóu恶è贼zéi家jiā者zhě也yě，上shàng得dé且qiě罚fá之zhī，众zhòng闻wén则zé非fēi之zhī。是shì以yǐ遍biàn若ruò家jiā之zhī人rén，皆jiē欲yù得dé其qí长zhǎng上shàng之zhī赏shǎng誉yù，辟pì其qí毁huǐ罚fá。是shì以yǐ善shàn言yán之zhī，不bù善shàn言yán之zhī；家jiā君jūn得dé善shàn人rén而ér赏shǎng之zhī，得dé暴bào人rén而ér罚fá之zhī。善shàn人rén之zhī赏shǎng，而ér暴bào人rén之zhī罚fá，则zé家jiā必bì治zhì矣yǐ。然rán计jì若ruò家jiā之zhī所suǒ以yǐ治zhì者zhě，何hé也yě？唯wéi以yǐ尚shàng同tóng一yī义yì为wéi政zhèng故gù也yě。

家jiā既jì已yǐ治zhì，国guó之zhī道dào尽jǐn此cǐ已yǐ邪xié？则zé未wèi也yě。国guó之zhī为wèi家jiā数shù也yě甚shèn多duō，此cǐ皆jiē是shì其qí家jiā，而ér非fēi人rén之zhī家jiā，是shì以yǐ厚hòu者zhě有yǒu乱luàn，而ér薄báo者zhě有yǒu争zhēng。故gù又yòu使shǐ家jiā君jūn总zǒng其qí家jiā之zhī义yì，以yǐ尚shàng同tóng于yú国guó君jūn，国guó君jūn亦yì为wèi发fā宪xiàn布bù令lìng于yú国guó之zhī众zhòng，曰yuē：“若ruò见jiàn爱ài利lì国guó者zhě，必bì以yǐ告gào；若ruò见jiàn恶è贼zéi国guó者zhě，亦yì必bì以yǐ告gào。”若ruò见jiàn爱ài利lì国guó以yǐ告gào者zhě，亦yì犹yóu爱ài利lì国guó者zhě也yě，上shàng得dé且qiě赏shǎng之zhī，众zhòng闻wén则zé誉yù之zhī；若ruò见jiàn恶è贼zéi国guó不bù以yǐ告gào者zhě，亦yì犹yóu恶è贼zéi国guó者zhě也yě，上shàng得dé且qiě罚fá之zhī，众zhòng闻wén则zé非fēi之zhī。是shì以yǐ遍biàn若ruò国guó之zhī人rén，皆jiē欲yù得dé其qí长zhǎng上shàng之zhī赏shǎng誉yù，避bì其qí毁huǐ罚fá。是shì以yǐ民mín见jiàn善shàn者zhě言yán之zhī，见jiàn不bù善shàn者zhě言yán之zhī；国guó君jūn得dé善shàn人rén而ér赏shǎng之zhī，得dé暴bào人rén而ér罚fá之zhī。善shàn人rén赏shǎng而ér暴bào人rén罚fá，则zé国guó必bì治zhì矣yǐ。然rán计jì若ruò国guó之zhī所suǒ以yǐ治zhì者zhě何hé也yě？唯wéi能néng以yǐ尚shàng同tóng一yī义yì为wéi政zhèng故gù也yě。

国guó既jì已yǐ治zhì矣yǐ，天tiān下xià之zhī道dào尽jǐn此cǐ已yǐ邪xié？则zé未wèi也yě。天tiān下xià之zhī为wèi国guó数shù也yě甚shèn多duō，此cǐ皆jiē是shì其qí国guó，而ér非fēi人rén之zhī国guó，是shì以yǐ厚hòu者zhě有yǒu战zhàn，而ér薄báo者zhě有yǒu争zhēng。故gù又yòu使shǐ国guó君jūn选xuǎn其qí国guó之zhī义yì，以yǐ尚shàng同tóng于yú天tiān子zi。天tiān子zi亦yì为wèi发fā宪xiàn布bù令lìng于yú天tiān下xià之zhī众zhòng，曰yuē：“若ruò见jiàn爱ài利lì天tiān下xià者zhě，必bì以yǐ告gào；若ruò见jiàn恶è贼zéi天tiān下xià者zhě，亦yì以yǐ告gào。”若ruò见jiàn爱ài利lì天tiān下xià以yǐ告gào者zhě，亦yì犹yóu爱ài利lì天tiān下xià者zhě也yě，上shàng得dé则zé赏shǎng之zhī，众zhòng闻wén则zé誉yù之zhī；若ruò见jiàn恶è贼zéi天tiān下xià不bù以yǐ告gào者zhě，亦yì犹yóu恶è贼zéi天tiān下xià者zhě也yě，上shàng得dé且qiě罚fá之zhī，众zhòng闻wén则zé非fēi之zhī。是shì以yǐ遍biàn天tiān下xià之zhī人rén，皆jiē欲yù得dé其qí长zhǎng上shàng之zhī赏shǎng誉yù，避bì其qí毁huǐ罚fá，是shì以yǐ见jiàn善shàn、不bù善shàn者zhě告gào之zhī。天tiān子zi得dé善shàn人rén而ér赏shǎng之zhī，得dé暴bào人rén而ér罚fá之zhī，善shàn人rén赏shǎng而ér暴bào人rén罚fá，天tiān下xià必bì治zhì矣yǐ。然rán计jì天tiān下xià之zhī所suǒ以yǐ治zhì者zhě，何hé也yě？唯wéi而ér以yǐ尚shàng同tóng一yī义yì为wéi政zhèng故gù也yě（5）。

天tiān下xià既jì已yǐ治zhì，天tiān子zi又yòu总zǒng天tiān下xià之zhī义yì，以yǐ尚shàng同tóng于yú天tiān。故gù当dāng尚shàng同tóng之zhī为wèi说shuō也yě，尚shàng用yòng之zhī天tiān子zi，可kě以yǐ治zhì天tiān下xià矣yǐ；中zhōng用yòng之zhī诸zhū侯hóu，可kě而ér治zhì其qí国guó矣yǐ；小xiǎo用yòng之zhī家jiā君jūn，可kě而ér治zhì其qí家jiā矣yǐ。是shì故gù大dà用yòng之zhī治zhì天tiān下xià不bù窕tiǎo（6），小xiǎo用yòng之zhī治zhì一yī国guó一yī家jiā而ér不bù横héng者zhě，若ruò道dào之zhī谓wèi也yě。故gù曰yuē治zhì天tiān下xià之zhī国guó，若ruò治zhì一yī家jiā；使shǐ天tiān下xià之zhī民mín，若ruò使shǐ一yī夫fū。意yì独dú子zi墨mò子zi有yǒu此cǐ而ér先xiān王wáng无wú此cǐ？其qí有yǒu邪xié，则zé亦yì然rán也yě。圣shèng王wáng皆jiē以yǐ尚shàng同tóng为wéi政zhèng，故gù天tiān下xià治zhì。何hé以yǐ知zhī其qí然rán也yě？于yú先xiān王wáng之zhī书shū也yě《大dà誓shì》之zhī言yán然rán，曰yuē：“小xiǎo人rén见jiàn奸jiān巧qiǎo，乃nǎi闻wén不bù言yán也yě，发fā罪zuì钧jūn。”此cǐ言yán见jiàn淫yín辟pì不bù以yǐ告gào者zhě，其qí罪zuì亦yì犹yóu淫yín辟pì者zhě也yě。

故gù古gǔ之zhī圣shèng王wáng治zhì天tiān下xià也yě，其qí所suǒ差chà论lùn以yǐ自zì左zuǒ右yòu羽yǔ翼yì者zhě皆jiē良liáng，外wài为wèi之zhī人rén，助zhù之zhī视shì听tīng者zhě众zhòng。故gù与yǔ人rén谋móu事shì，先xiān人rén得dé之zhī；与yǔ人rén举jǔ事shì，先xiān人rén成chéng之zhī；光guāng誉yù令lìng闻wén，先xiān人rén发fā之zhī。唯wéi信xìn身shēn而ér从cóng事shì，故gù利lì若ruò此cǐ。古gǔ者zhě有yǒu语yǔ焉yān，曰yuē：“一yī目mù之zhī视shì也yě，不bù若ruò二èr目mù之zhī视shì也yě；一yī耳ěr之zhī听tīng也yě，不bù若ruò二èr耳ěr之zhī听tīng也yě；一yī手shǒu之zhī操cāo也yě，不bù若ruò二èr手shǒu之zhī强qiáng也yě。”

夫fū唯wéi能néng信xìn身shēn而ér从cóng事shì，故gù利lì若ruò此cǐ。是shì故gù古gǔ之zhī圣shèng王wáng之zhī治zhì天tiān下xià也yě，千qiān里lǐ之zhī外wài，有yǒu贤xián人rén焉yān，其qí乡xiāng里lǐ之zhī人rén皆jiē未wèi之zhī均jūn闻wén见jiàn也yě，圣shèng王wáng得dé而ér赏shǎng之zhī。千qiān里lǐ之zhī内nèi，有yǒu暴bào人rén焉yān，其qí乡xiāng里lǐ未wèi之zhī均jūn闻wén见jiàn也yě，圣shèng王wáng得dé而ér罚fá之zhī。故gù唯wéi毋wú以yǐ圣shèng王wáng为wèi聪cōng耳ěr明míng目mù与yǔ？岂qǐ能néng一yī视shì而ér通tōng见jiàn千qiān里lǐ之zhī外wài哉zāi？一yī听tīng而ér通tōng闻wén千qiān里lǐ之zhī外wài哉zāi？圣shèng王wáng不bù往wǎng而ér视shì也yě，不bù就jiù而ér听tīng也yě，然rán而ér使shǐ天tiān下xià之zhī为wèi寇kòu乱luàn盗dào贼zéi者zhě，周zhōu流liú天tiān下xià无wú所suǒ重zhòng足zú者zhě，何hé也yě？其qí以yǐ尚shàng同tóng为wéi政zhèng善shàn也yě。

是shì故gù子zi墨mò子zi曰yuē：“凡fán使shǐ民mín尚shàng同tóng者zhě，爱ài民mín不bù疾jí，民mín无wú可kě使shǐ，曰yuē：必bì疾jí爱ài而ér使shǐ之zhī，致zhì信xìn而ér持chí之zhī，富fù贵guì以yǐ道dào其qí前qián（7），明míng罚fá以yǐ率lǜ其qí后hòu。为wéi政zhèng若ruò此cǐ，唯wéi欲yù毋wú与yǔ我wǒ同tóng，将jiāng不bù可kě得dé也yě。”

是shì以yǐ子zi墨mò子zi曰yuē：“今jīn天tiān下xià王wáng公gōng大dà人rén士shì君jūn子zǐ，中zhōng情qíng将jiāng欲yù为wèi仁rén义yì，求qiú为wèi上shàng士shì，上shàng欲yù中zhōng圣shèng王wáng之zhī道dào，下xià欲yù中zhōng国guó家jiā百bǎi姓xìng之zhī利lì，故gù当dāng尚shàng同tóng之zhī说shuō而ér不bù可kě不bù察chá。尚shàng同tóng，为wéi政zhèng之zhī本běn而ér治zhì要yào也yě。”

［注zhù释shì］

（1）“辟pì”：通tōng“避bì”。（2）“择zé”为wèi“怿yì”字zì之zhī误wù。（3）“说shuō”通tōng“悦yuè”。（4）“辟pì”上shàng疑yí脱tuō“不bù”

字zì。（5）“而ér”通tōng“能néng”。（6）窕tiǎo：不bù满mǎn。（7）“道dào”通tōng“导dǎo”。

［白bái话huà］

墨mò子zi说shuō道dào：“智zhì者zhě做zuò事shì，必bì须xū考kǎo虑lǜ国guó家jiā百bǎi姓xìng所suǒ以yǐ治zhì理lǐ的de原yuán因yīn而ér行xíng事shì，也yě必bì须xū考kǎo虑lǜ国guó家jiā百bǎi姓xìng所suǒ以yǐ混hùn乱luàn的de根gēn源yuán而ér事shì先xiān回huí避bì。”然rán而ér考kǎo虑lǜ国guó家jiā百bǎi姓xìng因yīn之zhī治zhì理lǐ的de原yuán因yīn是shì什shén么me呢ne？居jū上shàng位wèi的de人rén施shī政zhèng，能néng得dé到dào下xià面miàn的de实shí情qíng则zé治zhì理lǐ，不bù能néng得dé到dào下xià面miàn的de实shí情qíng则zé混hùn乱luàn。怎zěn么me知zhī道dào是shì这zhè样yàng呢ne？居jū上shàng位wèi的de施shī政zhèng，得dé到dào了le下xià边biān实shí情qíng，这zhè就jiù对duì百bǎi姓xìng的de善shàn否fǒu很hěn清qīng楚chǔ。假jiǎ若ruò清qīng楚chǔ百bǎi姓xìng的de善shàn否fǒu，那nà么me得dé到dào善shàn人rén就jiù奖jiǎng赏shǎng他tā，得dé到dào暴bào人rén就jiù惩chéng罚fá他tā。善shàn人rén受shòu赏shǎng而ér暴bào人rén受shòu罚fá，那nà么me国guó家jiā就jiù必bì然rán治zhì理lǐ。如rú果guǒ居jū上shàng位wèi的de施shī政zhèng，不bù能néng得dé知zhī下xià面miàn的de实shí情qíng，这zhè就jiù是shì对duì百bǎi姓xìng的de善shàn否fǒu不bù清qīng楚chǔ。假jiǎ若ruò不bù清qīng楚chǔ百bǎi姓xìng的de善shàn否fǒu，这zhè就jiù不bù能néng得dé到dào善shàn人rén而ér赏shǎng赐cì他tā，不bù能néng得dé到dào暴bào人rén而ér惩chéng罚fá他tā。善shàn人rén得dé不bú到dào赏shǎng赐cì而ér暴bào人rén得dé不bú到dào惩chéng罚fá，象xiàng这zhè样yàng施shī政zhèng，国guó家jiā民mín众zhòng就jiù必bì定dìng混hùn乱luàn。所suǒ以yǐ赏shǎng（罚fá）若ruò得dé不bú到dào下xià面miàn的de实shí情qíng，是shì不bù可kě不bù考kǎo察chá其qí后hòu果guǒ的de。

然rán而ér考kǎo虑lǜ应yīng该gāi怎zěn么me样yàng才cái可kě以yǐ获huò知zhī下xià情qíng呢ne？所suǒ以yǐ墨mò子zi说shuō：“只zhǐ有yǒu能néng用yòng向xiàng上shàng统tǒng一yī意yì见jiàn施shī政zhèng，这zhè以yǐ后hòu就jiù可kě以yǐ了le。”怎zěn么me知zhī道dào向xiàng上shàng统tǒng一yī意yì见jiàn，就jiù可kě以yǐ在zài天tiān下xià施shī政zhèng呢ne？这zhè为wèi什shén么me不bù审shěn察chá古gǔ代dài施shī政zhèng时shí的de情qíng况kuàng呢ne？古gǔ代dài上shàng天tiān开kāi始shǐ生shēng育yù下xià民mín，还hái没méi有yǒu行xíng政zhèng长zhǎng官guān的de时shí候hòu，百bǎi姓xìng人rén各gè为wéi主zhǔ。如rú果guǒ百bǎi姓xìng人rén各gè为wéi主zhǔ，这zhè就jiù一yī人rén有yǒu一yí个gè道dào理lǐ，十shí人rén有yǒu十shí个gè道dào理lǐ，百bǎi人rén有yǒu百bǎi个gè道dào理lǐ，千qiān人rén有yǒu千qiān人rén道dào理lǐ。及jí至zhì人rén数shù多duō得dé不bù可kě胜shèng数shǔ，那nà么me他tā们men所suǒ谓wèi的de道dào理lǐ也yě就jiù多duō得dé不bù可kě胜shèng数shǔ。这zhè样yàng人rén都dōu认rèn为wéi自zì己jǐ的de道dào理lǐ正zhèng确què，而ér认rèn为wéi别bié人rén的de道dào理lǐ不bù正zhèng确què，因yīn此cǐ严yán重zhòng的de发fā生shēng斗dòu殴ōu，轻qīng微wēi的de发fā生shēng争zhēng吵chǎo。

所suǒ以yǐ上shàng天tiān希xī望wàng统tǒng一yī天tiān下xià的de道dào理lǐ，因yīn此cǐ就jiù选xuǎn择zé贤xián人rén立lì为wèi天tiān子zi。天tiān子zi认rèn为wéi他tā的de智zhì慧huì能néng力lì不bù足zú单dān独dú治zhì理lǐ天tiān下xià，所suǒ以yǐ选xuǎn择zé次cì于yú他tā的de贤xián人rén立lì为wèi三sān公gōng。三sān公gōng又yòu认rèn为wéi自zì己jǐ的de智zhì慧huì能néng力lì不bù足zú单dān独dú辅fǔ佐zuǒ天tiān子zi，所suǒ以yǐ分fēn封fēng建jiàn立lì诸zhū侯hóu；诸zhū侯hóu又yòu认rèn为wéi自zì己jǐ的de智zhì慧huì能néng力lì不bù足zú单dān独dú治zhì理lǐ他tā国guó家jiā的de四sì境jìng之zhī内nèi，因yīn此cǐ又yòu选xuǎn择zé次cì于yú他tā的de贤xián人rén，立lì为wèi卿qīng与yǔ宰zǎi；卿qīng、宰zǎi又yòu认rèn为wéi自zì己jǐ的de智zhì慧huì能néng力lì不bù足zú以yǐ单dān独dú辅fǔ佐zuǒ他tā的de君jūn主zhǔ，因yīn此cǐ选xuǎn择zé次cì于yú他tā的de贤xián人rén，立lì为wèi乡xiāng长cháng、家jiā君jūn。所suǒ以yǐ古gǔ时shí天tiān子zi设shè立lì三sān公gōng、诸zhū侯hóu、卿qīng、宰zǎi、乡xiāng长cháng，家jiā君jūn，不bù只zhǐ是shì让ràng他tā们men富fù贵guì游yóu乐lè而ér选xuǎn择zé他tā们men，而ér是shì将jiāng使shǐ他tā们men协xié助zhù自zì己jǐ治zhì理lǐ刑xíng政zhèng。所suǒ以yǐ古gǔ时shí建jiàn国guó立lì都dōu，就jiù设shè立lì了le帝dì王wáng君jūn主zhǔ，又yòu辅fǔ佐zuǒ以yǐ卿qīng士shì师shī长zhǎng，这zhè不bú是shì想xiǎng用yòng来lái取qǔ悦yuè自zì己jǐ喜xǐ欢huān的de人rén，只zhǐ是shì分fēn授shòu职zhí责zé，使shǐ他tā们men助zhù天tiān明míng治zhì。

现xiàn在zài为wèi什shén么me居jū人rén之zhī上shàng的de人rén不bù能néng治zhì理lǐ他tā的de下xià属shǔ，居jū人rén之zhī下xià的de人rén不bù能néng事shì奉fèng他tā的de上shàng级jí？这zhè就jiù是shì上shàng下xià相xiāng互hù残cán害hài。什shén么me原yuán因yīn会huì这zhè样yàng？就jiù是shì各gè人rén的de道dào理lǐ不bù同tóng。假jiǎ若ruò道dào理lǐ不bù同tóng的de人rén双shuāng方fāng有yǒu所suǒ偏piān私sī，上shàng面miàn认rèn为wéi这zhè人rén为wéi善shàn，将jiāng赏shǎng赐cì他tā。这zhè人rén虽suī然rán得dé到dào了le上shàng面miàn的de赏shǎng赐cì，却què免miǎn不bù了liǎo百bǎi姓xìng的de非fēi议yì，因yīn此cǐ，为wèi善shàn的de人rén未wèi必bì因yīn此cǐ而ér得dé到dào勉miǎn励lì，虽suī然rán人rén们men看kàn到dào有yǒu赏shǎng赐cì。上shàng面miàn认rèn为wéi这zhè人rén行xíng暴bào，将jiāng惩chéng罚fá他tā，此cǐ人rén虽suī得dé到dào了le上shàng司sī的de惩chéng罚fá，却què怀huái有yǒu百bǎi姓xìng的de赞zàn誉yù，因yīn此cǐ，行xíng暴bào的de人rén未wèi必bì可kě使shǐ停tíng止zhǐ，虽suī然rán人rén们men看kàn到dào了le惩chéng罚fá。所suǒ以yǐ计jì议yì上shàng面miàn的de赏shǎng赐cì赞zàn誉yù，不bù足zú以yǐ勉miǎn励lì向xiàng善shàn，计jì议yì上shàng面miàn的de非fēi毁huǐ惩chéng罚fá，不bù足zú以yǐ阻zǔ止zhǐ暴bào行xíng。这zhè是shì什shén么me原yuán故gù使shǐ之zhī如rú此cǐ呢ne？就jiù是shì各gè人rén道dào理lǐ不bù同tóng。

既jì然rán如rú此cǐ，那nà么me想xiǎng统tǒng一yī天tiān下xià各gè人rén的de道dào理lǐ，将jiāng怎zěn么me办bàn呢ne？所suǒ以yǐ墨mò子zi说shuō道dào：为wèi何hé不bù试shì着zhe使shǐ家jiā君jūn对duì他tā的de下xià属shǔ发fā布bù政zhèng令lìng说shuō：“你nǐ们men见jiàn到dào爱ài护hù和hé有yǒu利lì于yú家jiā族zú的de，必bì须xū把bǎ它tā报bào告gào给gěi我wǒ，你nǐ们men见jiàn到dào憎zēng恨hèn和hé危wēi害hài家jiā族zú的de也yě必bì须xū把bǎ它tā报bào告gào给gěi我wǒ。你nǐ们men见jiàn到dào爱ài护hù和hé有yǒu利lì于yú家jiā族zú的de报bào告gào给gěi我wǒ，也yě和hé爱ài护hù和hé有yǒu利lì家jiā族zú一yī样yàng，上shàng面miàn得dé知zhī了le将jiāng赏shǎng赐cì他tā，大dà家jiā听tīng到dào了le将jiāng赞zàn誉yù他tā。你nǐ们men见jiàn到dào了le憎zēng害hài家jiā族zú不bù拿ná来lái报bào告gào，也yě和hé憎zēng害hài家jiā族zú的de一yī样yàng，上shàng面miàn得dé知zhī了le将jiāng惩chéng罚fá他tā，大dà家jiā听tīng到dào了le将jiāng非fēi议yì他tā。”以yǐ此cǐ遍biàn告gào这zhè全quán家jiā的de人rén。人rén们men都dōu希xī望wàng得dé到dào长zhǎng上shàng的de赏shǎng赐cì赞zàn誉yù，而ér避bì免miǎn非fēi议yì惩chéng罚fá。所suǒ以yǐ，见jiàn了le好hǎo的de来lái报bào告gào，见jiàn了le不bù好hǎo的de也yě来lái报bào告gào。家jiā君jūn得dé到dào善shàn人rén而ér赏shǎng赐cì他tā，得dé到dào暴bào人rén而ér惩chéng罚fá他tā。善shàn人rén得dé赏shǎng而ér暴bào人rén得dé罚fá，那nà么me家jiā族zú就jiù会huì治zhì理lǐ好hǎo。然rán而ér计jì议yì这zhè一yī家jiā治zhì理lǐ得dé好hǎo的de原yuán因yīn是shì什shén么me呢ne？只zhǐ是shì能néng以yǐ向xiàng上shàng统tǒng一yī道dào理lǐ的de原yuán则zé治zhì政zhèng之zhī故gù。

家jiā已yǐ经jīng治zhì好hǎo了le，治zhì国guó的de办bàn法fǎ全quán都dōu在zài此cǐ了le吗ma？那nà还hái没méi有yǒu。国guó家jiā之zhī中zhōng的de家jiā数shù很hěn多duō，它tā们men都dōu认rèn为wéi自zì己jǐ的de家jiā对duì而ér别bié人rén的de家jiā不bú对duì，所suǒ以yǐ严yán重zhòng的de就jiù发fā生shēng动dòng乱luàn，轻qīng微wēi的de就jiù发fā生shēng争zhēng执zhí。所suǒ以yǐ又yòu使shǐ家jiā君jūn总zǒng其qí家jiā族zú的de道dào理lǐ，用yòng以yǐ上shàng同tóng于yú国guó君jūn。国guó君jūn也yě对duì国guó中zhōng民mín众zhòng发fā布bù政zhèng令lìng说shuō：“你nǐ们men看kàn到dào爱ài护hù和hé有yǒu利lì于yú国guó家jiā的de必bì定dìng拿ná它tā来lái报bào告gào，你nǐ们men看kàn到dào憎zēng恶wù和hé残cán害hài国guó家jiā的de也yě必bì定dìng拿ná它tā来lái报bào告gào。你nǐ们men看kàn到dào爱ài护hù和hé有yǒu利lì于yú国guó家jiā的de把bǎ它tā上shàng报bào了le，也yě和hé爱ài护hù和hé有yǒu利lì国guó家jiā的de一yī样yàng。上shàng面miàn得dé悉xī了le将jiāng予yǔ以yǐ赏shǎng赐cì，大dà家jiā听tīng到dào了le将jiāng予yǔ以yǐ赞zàn誉yù。你nǐ们men看kàn到dào了le憎zēng恶wù和hé残cán害hài国guó家jiā的de不bù拿ná来lái上shàng报bào，也yě和hé憎zēng恶wù和hé残cán害hài国guó家jiā的de一yī样yàng。上shàng面miàn得dé悉xī了le将jiāng予yǔ以yǐ惩chéng罚fá，大dà家jiā听tīng到dào了le将jiāng予yǔ以yǐ非fēi议yì。”以yǐ此cǐ遍biàn告gào这zhè一yī国guó的de人rén。人rén们men都dōu希xī望wàng得dé到dào长zhǎng上shàng的de赏shǎng赐cì赞zàn誉yù，避bì免miǎn他tā的de非fēi议yì惩chéng罚fá，所suǒ以yǐ人rén民mín见jiàn到dào好hǎo的de来lái报bào告gào，见jiàn到dào不bù好hǎo的de也yě来lái报bào告gào。国guó君jūn得dé到dào善shàn人rén予yǔ以yǐ赏shǎng赐cì，得dé到dào暴bào人rén而ér予yǔ以yǐ惩chéng罚fá。善shàn人rén得dé赏shǎng而ér暴bào人rén得dé罚fá，那nà么me国guó家jiā必bì然rán治zhì理lǐ好hǎo。然rán而ér计jì议yì这zhè一yī国guó治zhì理lǐ好hǎo的de原yuán因yīn是shì什shén么me呢ne？只zhǐ是shì能néng以yǐ向xiàng上shàng统tǒng一yī道dào理lǐ的de原yuán则zé治zhì政zhèng之zhī故gù。

国guó家jiā已yǐ经jīng治zhì理lǐ了le，治zhì理lǐ天tiān下xià的de办bàn法fǎ尽jǐn在zài这zhè里lǐ了le吗ma？那nà还hái没méi有yǒu。天tiān下xià国guó家jiā为wéi数shù很hěn多duō，这zhè些xiē国guó家jiā都dōu认rèn为wéi自zì己jǐ的de国guó家jiā对duì而ér别bié人rén的de国guó家jiā不bú对duì，所suǒ以yǐ严yán重zhòng的de就jiù发fā生shēng动dòng乱luàn，轻qīng微wēi的de就jiù发fā生shēng争zhēng执zhí。因yīn此cǐ又yòu使shǐ国guó君jūn总zǒng同tóng各gè国guó的de意yì见jiàn，用yòng来lái上shàng同tóng于yú天tiān子zi。天tiān子zi也yě对duì天tiān下xià民mín众zhòng发fā布bù政zhèng令lìng说shuō：“你nǐ们men看kàn到dào爱ài护hù和hé有yǒu利lì于yú天tiān下xià的de必bì定dìng拿ná它tā来lái报bào告gào，你nǐ们men看kàn到dào憎zēng恶wù和hé残cán害hài天tiān下xià的de也yě必bì定dìng拿ná它tā来lái报bào告gào。你nǐ们men看kàn到dào爱ài护hù和hé有yǒu利lì于yú天tiān下xià而ér拿ná来lái报bào告gào的de，也yě和hé爱ài护hù和hé有yǒu利lì于yú天tiān下xià的de一yī样yàng。上shàng面miàn得dé悉xī了le将jiāng予yǔ以yǐ赏shǎng赐cì，大dà家jiā听tīng到dào了le将jiāng予yǔ以yǐ赞zàn誉yù。你nǐ们men看kàn到dào了le憎zēng恶wù和hé残cán害hài天tiān下xià的de而ér不bù拿ná来lái上shàng报bào的de，也yě和hé憎zēng恶wù和hé残cán害hài天tiān下xià的de一yī样yàng。上shàng面miàn得dé悉xī了le将jiāng予yǔ以yǐ惩chéng罚fá，大dà家jiā听tīng到dào了le将jiāng予yǔ以yǐ非fēi毁huǐ。”以yǐ此cǐ遍biàn告gào天tiān下xià的de人rén。人rén们men都dōu希xī望wàng得dé到dào长zhǎng上shàng的de赏shǎng赐cì赞zàn誉yù，避bì免miǎn他tā的de非fēi毁huǐ惩chéng罚fá，所suǒ以yǐ看kàn到dào好hǎo的de来lái报bào告gào，看kàn到dào不bù好hǎo的de也yě来lái报bào告gào。天tiān子zi得dé到dào善shàn人rén予yǔ以yǐ赏shǎng赐cì，得dé到dào暴bào人rén而ér予yǔ以yǐ惩chéng罚fá。天tiān下xià必bì定dìng治zhì理lǐ了le。然rán而ér计jì议yì天tiān下xià治zhì理lǐ好hǎo的de原yuán因yīn是shì什shén么me呢ne？只zhǐ是shì能néng以yǐ向xiàng上shàng统tǒng一yī道dào理lǐ的de原yuán则zé治zhì政zhèng的de缘yuán故gù。

天tiān下xià已yǐ经jīng治zhì理lǐ了le，天tiān子zi又yòu总zǒng同tóng天tiān下xià的de道dào理lǐ，用yòng来lái上shàng同tóng于yú天tiān。所suǒ以yǐ尚shàng同tóng作zuò为wéi一yī种zhǒng主zhǔ张zhāng，它tā上shàng而ér用yòng之zhī于yú天tiān子zi，可kě以yǐ用yòng来lái治zhì理lǐ天tiān下xià；中zhōng而ér用yòng之zhī于yú诸zhū侯hóu，可kě以yǐ用yòng来lái治zhì理lǐ他tā的de国guó家jiā；小xiǎo而ér用yòng之zhī于yú家jiā长zhǎng，可kě以yǐ用yòng来lái治zhì理lǐ他tā的de家jiā族zú。所suǒ以yǐ大dà用yòng之zhī治zhì理lǐ天tiān下xià不bú会huì不bù足zú，小xiǎo用yòng之zhī治zhì理lǐ一yī国guó一yī家jiā而ér不bú会huì横héng阻zǔ，说shuō的de就jiù是shì（尚shàng同tóng）这zhè个ge道dào理lǐ。所suǒ以yǐ说shuō：治zhì理lǐ天tiān下xià之zhī国guó，如rú治zhì一yī家jiā，使shǐ今jīn天tiān下xià之zhī民mín如rú使shǐ一yī人rén。抑yì或huò只zhǐ有yǒu墨mò子zi有yǒu这zhè个ge主zhǔ张zhāng，而ér先xiān王wáng没méi有yǒu这zhè个ge呢ne？则zé先xiān王wáng也yě是shì这zhè样yàng的de。圣shèng王wáng都dōu用yòng尚shàng同tóng的de原yuán则zé治zhì政zhèng，所suǒ以yǐ天tiān下xià治zhì理lǐ。从cóng何hé知zhī道dào这zhè样yàng呢ne？在zài先xiān王wáng的de书shū《大dà誓shì》这zhè样yàng说shuō过guò：“小xiǎo人rén看kàn到dào奸jiān巧qiǎo之zhī事shì，知zhī而ér不bù言yán的de，他tā的de罪zuì行xíng与yǔ奸jiān巧qiǎo者zhě均jūn等děng。”这zhè说shuō的de就jiù是shì看kàn到dào淫yín僻pì之zhī事shì不bù拿ná来lái报bào告gào的de，他tā的de罪zuì行xíng也yě和hé淫yín僻pì者zhě的de一yī样yàng。

所suǒ以yǐ古gǔ时shí的de圣shèng王wáng治zhì理lǐ天tiān下xià，他tā所suǒ选xuǎn择zé作zuò为wéi自zì己jǐ左zuǒ右yòu辅fǔ佐zuǒ的de人rén，都dōu是shì贤xián良liáng。

在zài外wài边biān做zuò事shì的de人rén，帮bāng助zhù他tā察chá看kàn和hé听tīng闻wén的de人rén很hěn多duō。所suǒ以yǐ（他tā）和hé大dà家jiā一yì起qǐ谋móu划huà事shì情qíng，要yào比bǐ别bié人rén先xiān考kǎo虑lǜ周zhōu到dào；和hé大dà家jiā一yì起qǐ办bàn事shì，要yào比bǐ别bié人rén先xiān成chéng功gōng，（他tā的de）荣róng誉yù和hé美měi好hǎo的de名míng声shēng要yào比bǐ别bié人rén先xiān传chuán扬yáng出chū去qù。唯wéi其qí以yǐ诚chéng信xìn从cóng事shì，所suǒ以yǐ有yǒu这zhè样yàng多duō的de利lì益yì。古gǔ时shí有yǒu这zhè样yàng的de话huà，说shuō：“一yī只zhī眼yǎn睛jīng所suǒ看kàn到dào的de，不bù如rú两liǎng只zhǐ眼yǎn睛jīng所suǒ看kàn到dào的de；一yī只zhī耳ěr朵duǒ听tīng到dào的de，不bù如rú两liǎng只zhǐ耳ěr朵duǒ听tīng到dào的de；一yī只zhī手shǒu操cāo拿ná，不bù如rú两liǎng只zhǐ手shǒu强qiáng。”惟wéi其qí以yǐ诚chéng信xìn从cóng事shì，所suǒ以yǐ如rú此cǐ有yǒu利lì。所suǒ以yǐ古gǔ代dài圣shèng王wáng治zhì理lǐ天tiān下xià，千qiān里lǐ之zhī外wài的de地dì方fāng有yǒu个gè贤xián人rén，那nà一yī乡xiāng里lǐ的de人rén还hái未wèi全quán都dōu听tīng到dào或huò见jiàn到dào，圣shèng王wáng已yǐ经jīng得dé悉xī而ér予yǔ以yǐ赏shǎng赐cì了le。

千qiān里lǐ之zhī外wài的de地dì方fāng有yǒu一yí个gè暴bào人rén，那nà一yī乡xiāng里lǐ的de人rén还hái未wèi全quán部bù听tīng到dào或huò见jiàn到dào，圣shèng王wáng已yǐ经jīng得dé悉xī而ér予yǔ以yǐ惩chéng罚fá了le。所suǒ以yǐ认rèn为wéi圣shèng王wáng是shì耳ěr聪cōng目mù明míng吧ba？难nán道dào张zhāng眼yǎn一yī望wàng就jiù到dào达dá千qiān里lǐ之zhī外wài吗ma？倾qīng耳ěr一yī听tīng就jiù到dào达dá千qiān里lǐ之zhī外wài吗ma？圣shèng王wáng不bú会huì亲qīn自zì前qián去qù看kàn，不bú会huì靠kào近jìn去qù听tīng。然rán而ér使shǐ天tiān下xià从cóng事shì寇kòu乱luàn盗dào贼zéi的de人rén走zǒu遍biàn天tiān下xià无wú处chǔ容róng足zú的de原yuán因yīn，是shì什shén么me呢ne？那nà是shì以yǐ尚shàng同tóng原yuán则zé治zhì政zhèng的de好hǎo处chù。

所suǒ以yǐ墨mò子zi说shuō：“凡fán是shì使shǐ百bǎi姓xìng尚shàng同tóng的de，如rú果guǒ爱ài民mín不bù深shēn，百bǎi姓xìng就jiù不bù可kě使shǐ令lìng。

即jí是shì说shuō：必bì须xū切qiè实shí爱ài护hù他tā们men，以yǐ诚chéng信xìn之zhī心xīn拥yōng有yǒu他tā们men。用yòng富fù贵guì引yǐn导dǎo于yú前qián，用yòng严yán明míng的de惩chéng罚fá督dū率shuài于yú后hòu。象xiàng这zhè样yàng施shī政zhèng，即jí使shǐ要yào想xiǎng人rén民mín不bù与yǔ我wǒ一yí致zhì，也yě将jiāng办bàn不bú到dào。”

所suǒ以yǐ墨mò子zi说shuō：“现xiàn在zài天tiān下xià的de王wáng公gōng大dà人rén、士shì君jūn子zǐ们men，如rú果guǒ心xīn中zhōng确què实shí将jiāng行xíng仁rén义yì，追zhuī求qiú做zuò上shàng士shì，上shàng要yào符fú合hé圣shèng王wáng之zhī道dào，下xià要yào符fú合hé国guó家jiā百bǎi姓xìng之zhī利lì，因yīn此cǐ对duì尚shàng同tóng这zhè一yī主zhǔ张zhāng不bù可kě不bù予yǔ以yǐ审shěn察chá。尚shàng同tóng是shì施shī政zhèng的de根gēn本běn和hé统tǒng治zhì的de关guān键jiàn。”