第dì33节jié：迷mí信xìn道dào教jiào 荒huāng废fèi国guó事shì

至zhì此cǐ，世shì宗zōng解jiě决jué了le"谁shuí是shì我wǒ的de父fù亲qīn"的de问wèn题tí，明míng确què地dì表biǎo明míng孝xiào宗zōng朱zhū祐yòu樘táng只zhǐ是shì自zì己jǐ的de伯bó父fù。但dàn是shì，正zhèng如rú孟mèng森sēn讽fěng刺cì的de那nà样yàng，既jì然rán当dāng初chū反fǎn对duì称chèn亲qīn生shēng父fù亲qīn为wèi皇huáng叔shū父fù的de理lǐ由yóu是shì"如rú果guǒ称chēng皇huáng叔shū，就jiù要yào讲jiǎng君jūn臣chén之zhī义yì"，那nà么me称chēng孝xiào宗zōng为wèi皇huáng伯bó考kǎo不bú是shì也yě要yào讲jiǎng君jūn臣chén之zhī义yì吗ma，难nán道dào要yào把bǎ孝xiào宗zōng当dàng作zuò世shì宗zōng的de臣chén子zi吗ma？这zhè里lǐ面miàn无wú疑yí存cún在zài着zhe一yí个gè自zì相xiāng矛máo盾dùn之zhī处chù。所suǒ以yǐ，清qīng代dài人rén在zài修xiū《明míng史shǐ》的de时shí候hòu，也yě总zǒng是shì议yì论lùn纷fēn纷fēn。为wèi此cǐ，学xué者zhě毛máo奇qí龄líng曾céng专zhuān门mén写xiě了le一yī篇piān《辨biàn定dìng嘉jiā靖jìng大dà礼lǐ议yì》的de文wén章zhāng，从cóng经jīng学xué的de角jiǎo度dù专zhuān门mén探tàn讨tǎo明míng代dài人rén疏shū于yú知zhī礼lǐ。但dàn是shì，今jīn天tiān看kàn来lái，大dà礼lǐ议yì一yī事shì，并bìng无wú是shì非fēi曲qū直zhí，倒dǎo是shì真zhēn实shí地dì反fǎn映yìng了le明míng代dài皇huáng权quán的de专zhuān制zhì力lì量liàng之zhī强qiáng大dà。后hòu来lái，议yì礼lǐ一yī事shì还hái不bù仅jǐn停tíng留liú于yú此cǐ。世shì宗zōng非fēi但dàn对duì其qí生shēng父fù称chēng帝dì称chēng考kǎo，而ér且qiě称chēng皇huáng称chēng宗zōng，乃nǎi至zhì超chāo越yuè武wǔ宗zōng而ér配pèi享xiǎng于yú明míng堂táng。这zhè样yàng的de做zuò法fǎ，连lián张zhāng璁cōng等děng人rén都dōu觉jué得de有yǒu些xiē不bú对duì。但dàn是shì，谁shuí又yòu能néng节jié制zhì皇huáng帝dì的de随suí心xīn所suǒ欲yù呢ne？晚wǎn明míng学xué者zhě黄huáng景jǐng炆wén说shuō得dé好hǎo："有yǒu导dǎo其qí源yuán，思sī节jié其qí流liú，难nán矣yǐ！"其qí实shí，后hòu来lái世shì宗zōng的de随suí心xīn所suǒ欲yù，又yòu何hé止zhǐ在zài大dà礼lǐ议yì一yī事shì上shàng，在zài迷mí信xìn道dào教jiào上shàng，他tā更gèng是shì走zǒu得dé越yuè来lái越yuè远yuǎn。

世shì宗zōng迷mí信xìn道dào教jiào，在zài明míng代dài皇huáng帝dì中zhōng是shì最zuì典diǎn型xíng的de。他tā为wèi自zì己jǐ取qǔ了le几jǐ个gè很hěn长zhǎng的de道dào号hào，大dà概gài凡fán是shì道dào士shì们men喜xǐ欢huān使shǐ用yòng的de字zì词cí，在zài嘉jiā靖jìng的de道dào号hào中zhōng都dū容róng纳nà进jìn去qù了le，真zhēn是shì可kě笑xiào至zhì极jí。例lì如rú，他tā自zì号hào"灵líng霄xiāo上shàng清qīng统tǒng雷léi元yuán阳yáng妙miào一yī飞fēi元yuán真zhēn君jūn"、"九jiǔ天tiān弘hóng教jiào普pǔ济jì生shēng灵líng掌zhǎng阴yīn阳yáng功gōng过guò大dà道dào思sī仁rén紫zǐ极jí仙xiān翁wēng一yī阳yáng真zhēn人rén元yuán虚xū圆yuán应yīng开kāi化huà伏fú魔mó忠zhōng孝xiào帝dì君jūn"，又yòu号hào"太tài上shàng大dà罗luó天tiān仙xiān紫zǐ极jí长cháng生shēng圣shèng智zhì昭zhāo灵líng统tǒng元yuán证zhèng应yīng玉yù虚xū总zǒng掌zhǎng五wǔ雷léi大dà真zhēn人rén元yuán都dōu境jìng万wàn寿shòu帝dì君jūn"，把bǎ自zì己jǐ当dàng作zuò道dào教jiào的de神shén仙xiān。

从cóng16岁suì始shǐ，世shì宗zōng就jiù开kāi始shǐ喜xǐ欢huān上shàng道dào教jiào的de斋zhāi醮jiào活huó动dòng，即jí建jiàn坛tán向xiàng神shén祈qí福fú的de活huó动dòng。从cóng嘉jiā靖jìng二èr年nián（1523）起qǐ，世shì宗zōng的de斋zhāi醮jiào活huó动dòng就jiù开kāi始shǐ受shòu到dào群qún臣chén的de关guān注zhù与yǔ劝quàn谏jiàn。第dì一yí个gè诱yòu引yǐn世shì宗zōng进jìn行xíng此cǐ类lèi活huó动dòng的de人rén，可kě能néng是shì太tài监jiàn崔cuī文wén。在zài四sì月yuè份fèn给gěi事shì中zhōng张zhāng嵩sōng的de上shàng疏shū中zhōng说shuō："太tài监jiàn崔cuī文wén等děng于yú钦qīn安ān殿diàn修xiū设shè醮jiào供gōng，请qǐng圣shèng驾jià拜bài奏zòu青qīng词cí，是shì以yǐ左zuǒ道dào惑huò陛bì下xià，请qǐng火huǒ其qí书shū，斥chì其qí人rén。"闰rùn四sì月yuè，杨yáng廷tíng和hé也yě劝quàn皇huáng帝dì不bú要yào迷mí信xìn道dào教jiào："斋zhāi醮jiào祈qí祷dǎo必bì须xū预yù绝jué，其qí端duān不bù可kě轻qīng信xìn"，指zhǐ出chū斋zhāi醮jiào活huó动dòng是shì道dào教jiào之zhī人rén假jiǎ借jiè来lái骗piàn衣yī食shí的de，虚xū诞dàn诬wū罔wǎng。但dàn是shì，世shì宗zōng浑hún然rán不bù以yǐ为wéi意yì。群qún臣chén在zài劝quàn谏jiàn斋zhāi醮jiào活huó动dòng的de同tóng时shí，还hái不bù断duàn地dì提tí及jí要yào皇huáng帝dì"宫gōng寝qǐn限xiàn制zhì、进jìn御yù有yǒu时shí"、"亲qīn幸xìng有yǒu节jié"，要yào节jié制zhì女nǚ色sè。一yí个gè刚gāng刚gāng即jí位wèi才cái一yī年nián多duō的de17岁suì皇huáng帝dì，竟jìng然rán就jiù开kāi始shǐ迷mí上shàng道dào教jiào与yǔ女nǚ色sè，可kě想xiǎng其qí精jīng神shén是shì多duō么me的de空kōng虚xū。所suǒ以yǐ，世shì宗zōng可kě能néng是shì明míng代dài皇huáng帝dì中zhōng堕duò落luò得de最zuì快kuài的de一yí个gè。在zài世shì宗zōng在zài位wèi的de45年nián中zhōng，他tā对duì于yú道dào教jiào的de痴chī迷mí从cóng来lái就jiù没méi有yǒu改gǎi变biàn过guò。嘉jiā靖jìng朝cháo的de不bù少shǎo政zhèng治zhì事shì件jiàn，也yě与yǔ道dào教jiào有yǒu关guān。比bǐ如rú说shuō嘉jiā靖jìng朝cháo严yán嵩sōng的de垮kuǎ台tái，就jiù是shì道dào士shì蓝lán道dào行héng借jiè扶fú乩jī（ｊī）之zhī名míng指zhǐ严yán嵩sōng为wèi奸jiān臣chén而ér起qǐ。概gài括kuò地dì说shuō，世shì宗zōng的de信xìn道dào活huó动dòng中zhōng，前qián后hòu有yǒu两liǎng个gè人rén对duì他tā影yǐng响xiǎng很hěn大dà。一yí个gè是shì邵shào元yuán节jié，一yí个gè是shì陶táo仲zhòng文wén。世shì宗zōng所suǒ宠chǒng幸xìng的de道dào士shì中zhōng，唯wéi二èr人rén恩ēn宠chǒng日rì隆lóng，始shǐ终zhōng不bù替tì。

邵shào元yuán节jié：江jiāng西xī贵guì溪xī人rén，龙lóng虎hǔ山shān上shàng清qīng宫gōng的de道dào士shì。还hái在zài正zhèng德dé年nián间jiān（1506～1521）的de时shí候hòu，宁níng王wáng朱zhū宸chén濠háo就jiù曾céng经jīng礼lǐ聘pìn他tā去qù宁níng王wáng府fǔ，但dàn遭zāo到dào拒jù绝jué。因yīn此cǐ，正zhèng德dé十shí四sì年nián宁níng王wáng朱zhū宸chén濠háo的de叛pàn乱luàn被bèi平píng定dìng后hòu，邵shào元yuán节jié非fēi但dàn没méi有yǒu受shòu牵qiān连lián，反fǎn而ér被bèi道dào人rén们men认rèn为wéi"有yǒu识shí"而ér受shòu到dào尊zūn崇chóng。嘉jiā靖jìng三sān年nián（1524），迷mí恋liàn道dào教jiào的de世shì宗zōng召zhào邵shào元yuán节jié入rù京jīng，让ràng他tā居jū住zhù在zài显xiǎn灵líng宫gōng中zhōng，专zhuān门mén掌zhǎng管guǎn祷dǎo祀sì之zhī事shì。显xiǎn灵líng宫gōng在zài宫gōng城chéng之zhī西xī，修xiū建jiàn于yú明míng代dài永yǒng乐lè年nián间jiān（1403～1424）。嘉jiā靖jìng初chū年nián，皇huáng帝dì还hái专zhuān门mén修xiū建jiàn显xiǎn灵líng宫gōng的de昊hào极jí通tōng明míng殿diàn，用yòng以yǐ祭jì祀sì道dào教jiào神shén仙xiān浮fú德dé王wáng、宝bǎo月yuè光guāng后hòu。邵shào元yuán节jié的de法fǎ术shù，很hěn快kuài就jiù在zài不bù久jiǔ的de一yī次cì求qiú雨yǔ中zhōng应yìng验yàn了le。这zhè让ràng皇huáng帝dì很hěn高gāo兴xìng，同tóng时shí也yě增zēng加jiā了le对duì邵shào元yuán节jié的de信xìn任rèn。他tā封fēng邵shào元yuán节jié为wèi真zhēn人rén，让ràng他tā主zhǔ管guǎn朝cháo天tiān、显xiǎn灵líng、灵líng济jì三sān个gè道dào观guàn，总zǒng领lǐng天tiān下xià道dào教jiào。从cóng嘉jiā靖jìng三sān年nián（1524）到dào嘉jiā靖jìng十shí八bā年nián（1539）病bìng逝shì，邵shào元yuán节jié无wú疑yí是shì世shì宗zōng最zuì宠chǒng幸xìng的de道dào士shì。皇huáng帝dì还hái曾céng派pài人rén在zài邵shào元yuán节jié的de家jiā乡xiāng贵guì溪xī建jiàn造zào道dào院yuàn，名míng仙xiān源yuán宫gōng。

陶táo仲zhòng文wén：在zài邵shào元yuán节jié之zhī后hòu，他tā的de朋péng友yǒu陶táo仲zhòng文wén取qǔ代dài了le邵shào元yuán节jié的de位wèi置zhì，专zhuān宠chǒng20年nián。陶táo仲zhòng文wén，初chū名míng典diǎn真zhēn，湖hú广guǎng黄huáng冈gāng人rén，曾céng做zuò过guò黄huáng梅méi县xiàn的de县xiàn吏lì、辽liáo东dōng库kù大dà使shǐ。后hòu来lái，他tā来lái京jīng城chéng，就jiù住zhù在zài邵shào元yuán节jié的de邸dǐ舍shě中zhōng。宫gōng中zhōng有yǒu一yī些xiē事shì情qíng因yīn邵shào元yuán节jié年nián老lǎo不bù能néng去qù的de，就jiù让ràng陶táo仲zhòng文wén代dài替tì去qù办bàn。从cóng嘉jiā靖jìng十shí八bā年nián（1539）到dào嘉jiā靖jìng三sān十shí九jiǔ年nián（1560）去qù世shì，陶táo仲zhòng文wén成chéng了le世shì宗zōng身shēn边biān最zuì受shòu宠chǒng的de道dào士shì。嘉jiā靖jìng二èr十shí年nián（1541），陶táo仲zhòng文wén进jìn少shǎo师shī，兼jiān少shǎo傅fù、少shǎo保bǎo。在zài明míng代dài历lì史shǐ中zhōng，兼jiān领lǐng"三sān孤gū"的de只zhǐ有yǒu陶táo仲zhòng文wén一yī人rén。由yóu此cǐ可kě以yǐ想xiǎng像xiàng世shì宗zōng对duì他tā的de宠chǒng爱ài。据jù说shuō，陶táo仲zhòng文wén其qí人rén虽suī然rán极jí受shòu世shì宗zōng的de宠chǒng爱ài，但dàn行xíng事shì却què小xiǎo心xīn慎shèn密mì，不bù敢gǎn恣zì肆sì。这zhè也yě许xǔ是shì他tā长cháng年nián能néng受shòu宠chǒng于yú世shì宗zōng的de主zhǔ要yào原yuán因yīn。世shì宗zōng迷mí信xìn道dào教jiào，虽suī然rán也yě有yǒu因yīn为wèi道dào教jiào的de法fǎ术shù在zài解jiě决jué一yī些xiē求qiú雨yǔ、祈qí嗣sì等děng问wèn题tí上shàng有yǒu所suǒ应yìng验yàn的de原yuán因yīn，但dàn是shì，归guī根gēn结jié底dǐ是shì想xiǎng要yào寻xún找zhǎo长cháng生shēng之zhī道dào。有yǒu学xué者zhě指zhǐ出chū世shì宗zōng信xìn道dào，前qián期qī主zhǔ要yào是shì为wèi了le长cháng生shēng，后hòu期qī主zhǔ要yào是shì房fáng中zhōng术shù。在zài道dào士shì的de理lǐ论lùn中zhōng，房fáng中zhōng术shù正zhèng是shì养yǎng生shēng术shù之zhī一yī种zhǒng。从cóng道dào士shì那nà里lǐ，世shì宗zōng学xué来lái的de长cháng生shēng之zhī道dào有yǒu二èr：一yī是shì斋zhāi醮jiào，二èr是shì采cǎi阴yīn补bǔ阳yáng。斋zhāi醮jiào刚gāng才cái说shuō过guò，就jiù是shì建jiàn道dào坛tán，斋zhāi沐mù之zhī后hòu，向xiàng神shén仙xiān祈qí福fú。斋zhāi醮jiào时shí必bì须xū向xiàng上shàng帝dì呈chéng奉fèng祝zhù词cí，即jí青qīng词cí。青qīng词cí是shì道dào士shì斋zhāi醮jiào时shí上shàng奏zòu天tiān神shén的de奏zòu章zhāng，通tōng常cháng是shì用yòng硃zhū笔bǐ写xiě在zài青qīng藤téng纸zhǐ上shàng，又yòu称chēng为wéi绿lǜ章zhāng。世shì宗zōng晚wǎn年nián迷mí信xìn道dào教jiào，专zhuān意yì于yú斋zhāi醮jiào之zhī事shì。当dāng时shí的de大dà臣chén中zhōng，严yán嵩sōng、袁yuán炜wěi、李lǐ春chūn芳fāng都dōu善shàn撰zhuàn青qīng词cí，以yǐ讨tǎo好hǎo皇huáng帝dì。袁yuán炜wěi、李lǐ春chūn芳fāng后hòu来lái还hái被bèi人rén称chēng为wèi"青qīng词cí宰zǎi相xiàng"。一yī些xiē挨āi不bù上shàng资zī格gé为wèi皇huáng帝dì写xiě青qīng词cí的de人rén如rú高gāo拱gǒng就jiù请qǐng求qiú皇huáng帝dì允yǔn许xǔ为wèi他tā的de斋zhāi醮jiào事shì效xiào劳láo。第dì二èr项xiàng长cháng生shēng之zhī道dào采cǎi阴yīn补bǔ阳yáng，实shí际jì上shàng变biàn成chéng了le世shì宗zōng既jì想xiǎng长cháng生shēng，又yòu不bù想xiǎng节jié欲yù的de借jiè口kǒu。根gēn据jù邵shào元yuán节jié、陶táo仲zhòng文wén等děng道dào士shì的de理lǐ论lùn，世shì宗zōng养yǎng生shēng除chú了le主zhǔ静jìng、主zhǔ诚chéng、主zhǔ敬jìng之zhī外wài，不bù需xū要yào特tè别bié地dì节jié制zhì自zì己jǐ的de性xìng欲yù，而ér只zhǐ需xū要yào掌zhǎng握wò一yí定dìng的de房fáng中zhōng秘mì术shù并bìng与yǔ童tóng贞zhēn的de处chǔ女nǚ交jiāo配pèi，就jiù可kě以yǐ达dá到dào采cǎi阴yīn补bǔ阳yáng、延yán年nián长zhǎng寿shòu的de效xiào果guǒ。为wèi此cǐ，在zài嘉jiā靖jìng一yī朝zhāo，为wèi皇huáng帝dì炼liàn制zhì春chūn药yào成chéng为wéi道dào士shì们men的de一yī项xiàng主zhǔ要yào任rèn务wù。春chūn药yào有yǒu多duō种zhǒng，其qí中zhōng以yǐ"红hóng铅qiān"（或huò叫jiào"先xiān天tiān丹dān铅qiān"）制zhì成chéng的de小xiǎo药yào丸wán最zuì为wèi有yǒu名míng。